Many people resort to cold and flu tablets to relieve runny nose and nasal congestion, but scientific studies indicate that some of their common ingredients may not achieve the expected effectiveness.
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Over-the-counter cold and flu tablets contain a combination of ingredients, most notably:
Studies have shown that phenylephrine, when taken orally, is no better than a placebo in relieving nasal congestion, and this is related to a lower amount of the active ingredient reaching the bloodstream.
In contrast, some decongestant nasal sprays work by delivering the active ingredient directly to the nasal passages, helping to reduce swelling and make breathing easier.
These findings prompted regulatory reviews, with an advisory committee of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration concluding in 2023 that oral phenylephrine was ineffective at recommended doses, before the administration proposed in November 2024 that it be removed from over-the-counter cold and flu medications.
Nasal congestion can be relieved by using saline nasal sprays or nasal rinses. Some medicated sprays containing substances such as oxymetazoline and xylometazoline may also help, provided they are used for a short period and according to instructions, to avoid rebound congestion.
Paracetamol or ibuprofen can be used to relieve headaches, body aches and fever, along with rest and drinking fluids.
These medications do not cure the virus that causes colds and flu, but they help relieve symptoms. Colds usually improve within seven to ten days, but persistent or worsening symptoms warrant a doctor's visit.
It is advisable to read the ingredients of medicines before using them, avoid combining preparations containing the same active ingredient, and consult a pharmacist to choose the most appropriate treatment.
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