A recent review of the scientific literature, presented at the 2025 Menopause Society Annual Meeting in Orlando, showed that hormonal changes during this stage cause a temporary decline in some brain functions.
Studies have shown that gray matter volume decreases in key regions such as the frontal cortex, temporal cortex, and hippocampus, areas responsible for memory and executive functions. These losses have been linked to decreased cognitive performance, particularly in verbal and visuospatial memory.
In contrast, increased white matter density was observed, particularly in women experiencing early menopause or frequent hot flashes. This increase typically indicates tissue damage resulting from decreased blood flow, which can lead to symptoms such as cognitive decline, balance problems, mood swings, and an increased risk of stroke and dementia.
Some studies indicate a partial recovery of gray matter volume after menopause, which may reflect compensatory processes related to neuroplasticity (the brain's ability to reorganize itself and form new connections between neurons in response to experience, learning, or injury). The increased density of estrogen receptors during menopause may also represent an adaptive response to declining hormone levels, although it has sometimes been linked to memory impairment.
The review also confirmed that changes in cerebrovascular reactivity and brain energy metabolism play a role in the impact of menopause on neuronal integrity and functional plasticity.
"We hope these findings will contribute to a better understanding of the underlying causes of some cognitive problems and enable us to develop effective treatments in the future," explained Dr. Stephanie Faubion, medical director of the Menopause Society.
