A new study has revealed that approximately 2.3 million cancer cases worldwide in 2024 were linked to viral and bacterial infections, representing nearly one in eight cancer cases.
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A review by the International Agency for Research on Cancer showed that about 12 infectious agents were associated with cancer, with five major agents causing the vast majority of these cases: Helicobacter pylori bacteria, human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and hepatitis B and C viruses.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria came in first place, having been linked to about 760,000 cases, followed by human papillomavirus with about 750,000 cases, then Epstein-Barr virus with about 260,000 cases, and hepatitis C virus with about 160,000 cases.
These factors are linked to various types of cancer. Helicobacter pylori bacteria are associated with stomach cancer, while human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major cause of cervical cancer. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to nasopharyngeal cancer, some types of stomach cancer, and Hodgkin lymphoma, while hepatitis B and C viruses are associated with liver cancer.
Dr. Patrick Moore, head of the Innovative Cancer Research Division at the University of Pittsburgh, told Newsweek that these estimates may be "very conservative," noting that the role of infection in cancer is greater than many people realize, and that the impact of each type of infection varies by geographic region.
The researchers pointed out that a large part of these cancers can be prevented through health measures already available, most notably vaccination against human papillomavirus and hepatitis B virus, along with tests to detect certain infectious agents and early cancer detection.
However, social, economic, and political obstacles still limit access to these services in some areas, while researchers have called for increased investment in prevention and the development of new tools, including vaccines against Epstein-Barr virus and Helicobacter pylori bacteria.
Dr. Gary Clifford, a senior co-author of the study, said the findings highlight the importance of continuing to develop preventative measures, especially against infections for which there are not yet effective vaccines.
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