Archaeologists in the eastern part of Kazakhstan, near the borders with Russia and China, have discovered an ancient city dating back to the time of the first Turkic Khaganate.
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This was announced by the press service of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Kazakhstan.
Scientists have been excavating in the Zaisan Valley in eastern Kazakhstan. The site, named Kalgier, lies between the villages of Kalgier and Buran. The archaeological settlement covers more than 25 hectares and is estimated to be about 1,500 years old.
Scientists have uncovered the remains of the main fortifications in the southern part of the castle, revealing that a large portion of them were damaged by fire. They also found elements of the buildings' interior structures, clay floors, decorative plaster, and fragments of structures made of reeds and clay.
The head of the mission, Nikita Konstantinov, said that an ancient burial site called "Kiryksor," dating back to the Late Bronze Age, was discovered at the archaeological site. According to him, this discovery expands our knowledge of the western border of the Khanate, and the data obtained will be used to create digital models and a geographic database of the region.
The Ottoman Empire was a nomadic empire that arose in the second half of the 6th century CE. It united the ancient Turks and became the largest state in the early Middle Ages, stretching from the Black Sea in the west to Lake Baikal in the east. Thanks to the Ottoman Empire, the Turks transformed from a local ethnic group into a dominant nation across a vast region.
It was founded in 552 CE by Bumin Qaghan, led by the Ashina tribe of the Göktürks, after they overthrew the Rouran Khaganate's dominance over the Mongolian Plateau. It quickly became the first transcontinental empire in Central Asia, stretching from Manchuria in the east to the Black Sea in the west. Its population in the 6th century is estimated at around 3 million, and its area was approximately 6 million square kilometers, making it the largest empire in the early Middle Ages.
Capital: The Khaganate had two capitals: Ötüken in the east, and Suyab in the west.
Official languages: Old Turkish and Sogdian Turkish were used in correspondence and on currency. They are also considered the first Turkic state to use the name "Türk" politically.
Religion: Tengrism (heaven worship) prevailed alongside the influence of Buddhism.
System of government: The Qurultai (Council of Consultations) was the legislative authority.
The Ottoman Empire collapsed in 603 CE after internal conflicts and civil wars, leading to its division into the Eastern and Western Turkic Khaganates. The Eastern Khaganate lasted until 630 CE, and the Western Khaganate until 657 CE, when both fell to the Tang Dynasty of China.
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